Parkinsons

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive condition that affects the brain, especially the parts that control movement. Over time, it can also influence thinking, mood, and other body functions.

Common symptoms

Symptoms often start gradually and may be mild at first. As the condition progresses, they can begin to affect daily activities.

Movement-related symptoms may include:

  • Tremor (shaking), often starting in one hand

  • Slowness of movement

  • Muscle stiffness or rigidity

  • Balance problems or difficulty walking

Other symptoms can include:

  • Changes in thinking or memory

  • Visual hallucinations (seeing things that are not there)

  • Mood changes such as depression or anxiety

  • Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or daytime sleepiness

  • Fatigue

  • Reduced sense of smell

Parkinson’s disease can also affect the body in other ways, leading to:

  • Constipation

  • Excess sweating

  • Urinary difficulties

  • Trouble swallowing

  • Sexual dysfunction

  • A drop in blood pressure when standing (called orthostatic hypotension), which can cause dizziness or fainting

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

There is no single test that confirms Parkinson’s disease. Diagnosis is usually based on a detailed medical history and physical examination.

In some cases, tests such as brain imaging (for example, MRI or specialized scans) may be used to rule out other causes of symptoms.

Treatment options

While there is currently no cure, several treatments can help manage symptoms effectively.

Medications are often the first step and can improve movement and quality of life. Your healthcare provider can help you understand:

  • Which medications are most suitable

  • Possible side effects

  • Expected benefits

  • What to expect if treatment is delayed or not started

For people whose symptoms are not well controlled with medication, a procedure called deep brain stimulation (DBS)may be considered. This involves implanting a device that sends electrical signals to specific areas of the brain to help regulate movement.

Living well with Parkinson’s disease

There are many ways to support your health and maintain independence:

Stay active

Regular exercise or physiotherapy can improve strength, flexibility, and balance. Activities such as walking, yoga, tai chi, swimming, or dance can be helpful.

Look after your mental health

It is common to feel overwhelmed after a diagnosis. Speaking with a healthcare provider, counselor, or support group can be beneficial.

Eat a balanced diet

A healthy diet supports overall well-being. Adequate fiber and hydration can help manage constipation.

Make your environment safe

Simple changes at home—such as removing loose rugs, improving lighting, and reducing clutter—can lower the risk of falls.

Review driving safety

If you drive, periodic assessment may be recommended to ensure it remains safe.

Stay informed

Understanding your condition helps you take an active role in your care and make informed decisions about treatment.

If you have questions or concerns, discussing them with your healthcare team is an important part of managing Parkinson’s disease effectively.